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Technology,

 Main article: Outline of technology

References

  1. ^ National Research Council; Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences; Energy Engineering Board; Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems; Committee on Electricity in Economic Growth (1986). Electricity in Economic Growth. Washington, DC: National Academies Press. pp. 16, 40. ISBN 978-0-309-03677-1Archived from the original on 7 June 2014. Retrieved 8 May 2015.
  2. ^ Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert (1980). A Greek-English Lexicon (Abridged ed.). United Kingdom: Oxford University PressISBN 978-0-19-910207-5.
  3. ^ Crabb, George (1823). Universal Technological Dictionary, or Familiar Explanation of the Terms Used in All Arts and Sciences. London: Baldwin, Cradock, and Joy. p. 524 – via Internet Archive.
  4. ^ Mannix, Loretta H.; Stratton, Julius Adams (2005). Mind and Hand: The Birth of MIT. Cambridge: MIT Press. pp. 190–92. ISBN 978-0-262-19524-9.
  5. ^ "Technik Comes to America: Changing Meanings of Technology Before 1930". Technology and Culture47.
  6. ^ Bain, Read (1937). "Technology and State Government". American Sociological Review2(6): 860–874. doi:10.2307/2084365JSTOR 2084365.
  7. ^ MacKenzie, Donald A.; Wajcman, Judy (1999). "Introductory Essay". The Social Shaping of Technology (2nd ed.). Buckingham: Open University Press. ISBN 978-0-335-19913-6.
  8. ^ "Technology | Definition of Technology by Merriam-Webster"Merriam-WebsterArchived from the original on 7 November 2016. Retrieved 7 November 2016.
  9. ^ Franklin, Ursula (1999). The Real World of Technology (revised ed.). Scarborough: House of Anansi. ISBN 978-0-88784-891-9.
  10. ^ See, for example, "Technology"BBC NewsArchived from the original on 7 November 2016. Retrieved 7 November 2016.
  11. ^ Stiegler, Bernard (1998). Technics and Time, 1: The Fault of EpimetheusStanford University Press. pp. 17, 82. ISBN 978-0-8047-3041-9. Stiegler has more recently stated that biotechnology can no longer be defined as "organized inorganic matter," given that it is, rather, "the reorganization of the organic." Stiegler, Bernard (2008). L'avenir du passé: Modernité de l'archéologie. La Découverte. p. 23. ISBN 978-2-7071-5495-8.
  12. ^ "Industry, Technology and the Global Marketplace: International Patenting Trends in Two New Technology Areas"Science and Engineering Indicators 2002National Science Foundation. Archived from the original on 18 August 2015. Retrieved 7 May 2007.
  13. ^ Arthur, W. Brian (2009). The Nature of Technology. New York: Free Press. p. 28ISBN 978-1-4165-4405-0.
  14. ^ Borgmann, Albert (2006). "Technology as a Cultural Force: For Alena and Griffin" (fee required)The Canadian Journal of Sociology31 (3): 351–60. doi:10.1353/cjs.2006.0050S2CID 144251172Archived from the original on 13 August 2007. Retrieved 16 February 2007.
  15. ^ Macek, Jakub. "Defining Cyberculture"Archived from the original on 3 July 2007. Retrieved 25 May 2007.
  16. ^ "Science"Dictionary.com. 2016. Archived from the original on 8 November 2016. Retrieved 7 November 2016.
  17. ^ A Treatise on Science Technology and Society. Dr. M. R. Sharma. 2020. ISBN 9788131806678. Retrieved 19 June 2020.
  18. ^ "Intute: Science, Engineering and Technology"Intute. Archived from the original on 17 February 2007. Retrieved 17 February 2007.
  19. ^ Bush, Vannevar (July 1945). "Science the Endless Frontier". National Science Foundation. Archived from the original on 7 November 2016. Retrieved 7 November 2016.
  20. ^ Wise, George (1985). "Science and Technology". Osiris. 2nd Series. 1: 229–46. doi:10.1086/368647S2CID 144475553.
  21. ^ Guston, David H. (2000). Between Politics and Science: Assuring the Integrity and Productivity of Research. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-65318-3.
  22. ^ "Mother of man – 3.2 million years ago". BBC. Archived from the original on 12 October 2007. Retrieved 17 May 2008.
  23. ^ "Human Evolution"History Channel. Archived from the original on 23 April 2008. Retrieved 17 May 2008.
  24. ^ Wade, Nicholas (15 July 2003). "Early Voices: The Leap to Language"The New York TimesArchived from the original on 12 March 2017. Retrieved 7 November 2016.
  25. ^ Bower, Bruce (29 October 2010). "Stone Agers Sharpened Skills 55,000 Years Earlier Than Thought"WIREDArchived from the original on 8 November 2016. Retrieved 7 November 2016.
  26. ^ Crump, Thomas (2001). A Brief History of ScienceConstable & Robinson. p. 9. ISBN 978-1-84119-235-2.
  27. ^ "Fossil Hominid Sites of Sterkfontein, Swartkrans, Kromdraai, and Environs"UNESCOArchived from the original on 27 March 2007. Retrieved 10 March 2007.
  28. ^ "Stone Age Man". History World. Archived from the original on 10 March 2007. Retrieved 13 February 2007.
  29. ^ James, Steven R. (February 1989). "Hominid Use of Fire in the Lower and Middle Pleistocene". Current Anthropology30 (1): 1–26. doi:10.1086/203705JSTOR 2743299S2CID 146473957.
  30. ^ Stahl, Ann B. (1984). "Hominid dietary selection before fire". Current Anthropology25 (2): 151–68. doi:10.1086/203106JSTOR 2742818S2CID 84337150.
  31. ^ O'Neil, Dennis. "Evolution of Modern Humans: Archaic Homo sapiens Culture"Palomar CollegeArchived from the original on 4 April 2007. Retrieved 31 March 2007.
  32. ^ Villa, Paola (1983). Terra Amata and the Middle Pleistocene archaeological record of southern FranceBerkeleyUniversity of California Press. p. 303. ISBN 978-0-520-09662-2.
  33. ^ Cordaux, Richard; Stoneking, Mark (2003). "South Asia, the Andamanese, and the Genetic Evidence for an 'Early' Human Dispersal out of Africa" (PDF)American Journal of Human Genetics72 (6): 1586–90, author reply 1590–93. doi:10.1086/375407PMC 1180321PMID 12817589Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 October 2009. Retrieved 22 May 2007.
  34. ^ Driscoll, Killian (2006). The early prehistory in the west of Ireland: Investigations into the social archaeology of the Mesolithic, west of the Shannon, IrelandArchived from the original on 4 September 2017. Retrieved 11 July 2017.
  35. ^ University of Chicago Press Journals (4 January 2006). "The First Baby Boom: Skeletal Evidence Shows Abrupt Worldwide Increase In Birth Rate During Neolithic Period"ScienceDailyArchived from the original on 8 November 2016. Retrieved 7 November2016.
  36. ^ Sussman, Robert W.; Hall, Roberta L. (April 1972). "Child Transport, Family Size, and Increase in Human Population During the Neolithic". Current Anthropology13 (2): 258–67. doi:10.1086/201274JSTOR 2740977S2CID 143449170.
  37. ^ Ferraro, Gary P. (2006). Cultural Anthropology: An Applied PerspectiveThe Thomson CorporationISBN 978-0-495-03039-3. Retrieved 17 May 2008.
  38. ^ Patterson, Gordon M. (1992). The ESSENTIALS of Ancient History. Research & Education Association. ISBN 978-0-87891-704-4. Retrieved 17 May 2008.
  39. ^ Cramb, Alan W (1964). "A Short History of Metals"Nature203 (4943): 337. Bibcode:1964Natur.203Q.337Tdoi:10.1038/203337a0S2CID 382712. Archived from the original on 8 January 2007. Retrieved 8 January 2007.
  40. ^ Chisholm, Hugh (1910). "The Encyclopædia Britannica: A dictionary of arts, sciences, literature and general information"Encyclopædia Britannica. p. 708. Retrieved 17 May2008.
  41. ^ "The significance of the composition of excavated iron fragments taken from Stratum III at the site of Kaman-Kalehöyük, Turkey". Anatolian Archaeological Studies. Tokyo: Japanese Institute of Anatolian Archaeology. 14.
  42. ^ "Ironware piece unearthed from Turkey found to be oldest steel"The Hindu. 26 March 2009. Archived from the original on 29 March 2009. Retrieved 8 November 2016.
  43. ^ "The oldest representation of a Nile boat". Antiquity81.
  44. ^ Crawford, Harriet (2013). The Sumerian World. New York City, New York and London, England: Routledge. pp. 34–43. ISBN 978-0-203-09660-4.
  45. ^ Potts, D.T. (2012). A Companion to the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East. p. 285.
  46. ^ Childe, V. Gordon (1928). New Light on the Most Ancient East. p. 110.
  47. ^ Anthony, David A. (2007). The Horse, the Wheel, and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World. Princeton: Princeton University Press. p. 67. ISBN 978-0-691-05887-0.
  48. ^ Gasser, Aleksander (March 2003). "World's Oldest Wheel Found in Slovenia". Republic of Slovenia Government Communication Office. Archived from the original on 26 August 2016. Retrieved 8 November 2016.
  49. ^ Kramer, Samuel Noah (1963). The Sumerians: Their History, Culture, and Character. Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press. p. 290. ISBN 978-0-226-45238-8Archivedfrom the original on 8 August 2014. Retrieved 26 October 2017.
  50. Jump up to:a b Moorey, Peter Roger Stuart (1999) [1994]. Ancient Mesopotamian Materials and Industries: The Archaeological Evidence. Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns. p. 146. ISBN 978-1-57506-042-2Archived from the original on 17 October 2017. Retrieved 26 October 2017.
  51. Jump up to:a b Lay, M G (1992). Ways of the World. Sydney, Australia: Primavera Press. p. 28. ISBN 978-1-875368-05-1.
  52. Jump up to:a b c d e f g Gregersen, Erik (2012). The Complete History of Wheeled Transportation: From Cars and Trucks to Buses and Bikes. New York City, New York: Britannica Educational Publishing. p. 130. ISBN 978-1615307012.
  53. Jump up to:a b c d e f g Aicher, Peter J. (1995). Guide to the Aqueducts of Ancient Rome. Wauconda, Illinois: Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers, Inc. p. 6. ISBN 978-0-86516-282-2.
  54. Jump up to:a b c Eslamian, Saeid (2014). Handbook of Engineering Hydrology: Environmental Hydrology and Water Management. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. pp. 171–75. ISBN 978-1-4665-5250-0.
  55. Jump up to:a b c d e Lechner, Norbert (2012). Plumbing, Electricity, Acoustics: Sustainable Design Methods for Architecture. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p. 106. ISBN 978-1-118-01475-2.
  56. ^ Breslin, Gerry, ed. (2011). "technicism". Collins English Dictionary. HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-00-743786-3.
  57. ^ "Philosophical and Ethical Problems of Technicism and Genetic Engineering". Society for Philosophy and Technology3.
  58. ^ Monsma, Stephen V. (1986). Responsible TechnologyGrand Rapids: W.B. Eerdmans Pub. Co. ISBN 978-0-8028-0175-3.
  59. ^ Muehlhauser, Luke (10 November 2015). "Intelligence Explosion FAQ"Machine Intelligence Research InstituteArchived from the original on 7 November 2016. Retrieved 11 November 2016.
  60. ^ Kurzweil, Ray (2005). "The Six Epochs". The Singularity is Near: When Humans Transcend Biology. Penguin. ISBN 978-1-101-21888-4.
  61. ^ Hughes, James. "Democratic Transhumanism 2.0"ChangesurferArchived from the original on 18 August 2016. Retrieved 10 November 2016.
  62. ^ Lovitt, William (1977). "The Question Concerning Technology"The Question Concerning Technology and Other Essays. Harper Torchbooks. pp. 3–35. ISBN 978-0-613-91314-0. Retrieved 21 November 2007.
  63. ^ Heidegger, Martin (1977). "The Question Concerning Technology". The Question Concerning Technology and Other Essays. Translated by Lovitt, W. New York: HarperCollins. pp. 25–26.
  64. ^ Dreyfus, Hubert; Spinosa, Charles (2006). "Further Reflections on Heidegger, Technology, and the Everyday". In Kompridis, Nikolas (ed.). Philosophical Romanticism. New York: Routledge. pp. 265–81.
  65. ^ Postman, Neil (1993). Technopoly: The Surrender of Culture to Technology. New York: Vintage.
  66. ^ Barney, Darin (2007). One Nation Under Google. Toronto: House of Anansi Press.
  67. ^ "Technology's Challenge to Democracy". Parrhesia8.
  68. ^ Vannini, Phillip, and Jonathan Taggart. "Voluntary simplicity, involuntary complexities, and the pull of remove: The radical ruralities of off-grid lifestyles." Environment and Planning A 45.2 (2013): 295-311.
  69. ^ "Jared Bernstein"Center for Budget and Policy Priorities. 13 September 2013. Archived from the original on 12 November 2016. Retrieved 11 November 2016.
  70. Jump up to:a b "It's Not a Skills Gap That's Holding Wages Down: It's the Weak Economy, Among Other Things". The American Prospect25.
  71. ^ 7.Kim JH 2010 ~Kim JH, Lau C, Cheuk K-K, Kan P, Hui HL, Griffiths SM. Brief report:predictorsofheavyinternetuseandassociationswithhealthpromoting and health risk behaviors among Hong Kong university students. J Adolesc. 2010;33(1):215–20.
  72. ^ 1. Rideout VJ 2010 ~ Rideout VJ, Foehr UG, Roberts DF. Generation M2: Media in the livesof8-to18-year-olds.HenryJKaiserFamilyFoundation.2010.
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  74. Jump up to:a b Hughes, Thomas P. (2004). Human-Built World: How to Think About Technology and Culture. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 1–11. ISBN 978-0-226-35933-5.
  75. ^ Hughes, Thomas P. (2004) "Introduction: Complex Technology" (1–11) in "Human-Built World: How to Think About Technology and Culture"
  76. ^ Morozov, Evgeny (2013). To Save Everything, Click Here: The Folly of Technological Solutionism. New York: PublicAffairs. ISBN 978-1-61039-139-9.
  77. ^ Madrigal, Alexis C. (13 March 2013). "Toward a Complex, Realistic, and Moral Tech Criticism"The AtlanticArchived from the original on 25 May 2017. Retrieved 11 November 2016.
  78. ^ Cohen, Benjamin; Ottinger, Gwen (2011). "Introduction: Environmental Justice and the Transformation of Science and Engineering". In Ottinger, Gwen; Cohen, Benjamin (eds.). Technoscience and Environmental Justice: Expert Cultures in a Grassroots MovementMIT Press. pp. 1–18. ISBN 978-0-262-01579-0.
  79. ^ Ottinger, Gwen (2011). "Rupturing Engineering Education: Opportunities for Transforming Expert Identities Through Community-Based Projects". In Ottinger, Gwen; Cohen, Benjamin (eds.). Technoscience and Environmental Justice: Expert Cultures in a Grassroots MovementMIT Press. pp. 229–48. ISBN 978-0-262-01579-0.
  80. ^ Sagan, Carl; Druyan, Ann; Leakey, Richard. "Chimpanzee Tool Use". Archived from the original on 21 September 2006. Retrieved 13 February 2007.
  81. ^ Rincon, Paul (7 June 2005). "Sponging dolphins learn from mum"BBC NewsArchived from the original on 4 December 2016. Retrieved 11 November 2016.
  82. ^ Schmid, Randolph E. (4 October 2007). "Crows use tools to find food"NBC NewsArchived from the original on 10 March 2017. Retrieved 11 November 2016.
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  88. ^ Kurzweil, Ray (2005). "GNR: Three Overlapping Revolutions". The Singularity is Near. Penguin. ISBN 978-1-101-21888-4.

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